Spring Native實戰(暢快體驗79毫秒啟動springboot應用)
歡迎訪問我的GitHub
https://github.com/zq2599/blog_demos
內容:所有原創文章分類彙總及配套原始碼,涉及Java、Docker、Kubernetes、DevOPS等;
關於Spring Native
-
Spring官方部落格於2021年03月11日宣佈Spring Native的beta版本釋出,藉助Spring Native可以將spring應用與GraalVM整合到<font color="blue">native image</font>中;
-
native image是GraalVM的一項技術,會將java應用的位元組碼編譯成可執行檔案,還會與JDK的本地庫做靜態連結,執行應用時無需Java虛擬機器,自身已集成了記憶體管理,執行緒排程等能力,更多資訊請參考:https://www.graalvm.org/reference-manual/native-image/
-
本文以實戰為主,因此不會用太多篇幅介紹Spring Native的理論和優勢,這裡簡單小結幾個重要特性:
- 應用啟動速度不超過100毫秒;
- 啟動即達到效能峰值(C1、C2等手段已經用不上了)
- 執行時更低的記憶體消耗;
- docker映象不含JDK(所需檔案已經抽取出來放入映象),官方展示的含有Spring Boot, Spring MVC, Jackson, Tomcat的映象大小是50M;
- 為了達到前面的效果,代價是構建時間更長;
Spring Native到底是什麼
個人的理解:Spring Native是Spring提供的、製作native image的技術方案,涉及到以下關鍵技術:
- Spring ahead-of-time (AOT) 外掛,對spring應用做AOT處理,使得傳統虛擬機器的class lazy loading在不復存在;
- spring-boot-maven-plugin外掛在構建docker映象的時候,使用了名為<font color="blue">dmikusa/graalvm-tiny</font>的映象作為構建工具,這個工具負責將當前工程的構建結果和GraalVM整合在一起,最終制作成native image;
本篇概覽
作為實戰風格的文章,本篇主要內容是開發springboot應用再構建為native image,然後驗證其功能和效果,本文由以下內容構成:
- 環境資訊
- 新建名為spring-native-tutorials的maven父工程,對實戰用到的依賴庫、外掛等做統一配置;
- 新建名為webmvc的maven子工程,這是個springboot應用;
- 將webmvc構建為native image,這是個docker映象;
- 在docker中啟動映象,驗證是否可用,並檢查相關相關指標;
環境資訊
本次實戰相關的環境資訊如下:
- 電腦:MacBook pro 13寸 2018
- 作業系統:macOS Big Sur 11.2.3
- IDE:IntelliJ IDEA 2018.3.5 (Ultimate Edition)
- docker:20.10.5
- JDK:1.8.0_211
- maven:3.6.0
- springboot:2.5.0-SNAPSHOT
- spring-aot-maven-plugin:0.10.0-SNAPSHOT
原始碼下載
- 本篇實戰中的完整原始碼可在GitHub下載到,地址和連結資訊如下表所示(https://github.com/zq2599/blog_demos):
名稱 | 連結 | 備註 |
---|---|---|
專案主頁 | https://github.com/zq2599/blog_demos | 該專案在GitHub上的主頁 |
git倉庫地址(https) | https://github.com/zq2599/blog_demos.git | 該專案原始碼的倉庫地址,https協議 |
git倉庫地址(ssh) | [email protected]:zq2599/blog_demos.git | 該專案原始碼的倉庫地址,ssh協議 |
- 這個git專案中有多個資料夾,本次實戰的原始碼在<font color="blue">spring-native-tutorials</font>資料夾下,如下圖紅框所示:
新建名為spring-native-tutorials的maven父工程
-
對Spring Native的學習不是寫出helloworld就完事,因此這裡先建立一個父工程,為今後所有的應用提供統一的依賴庫、外掛管理;
-
新建名為<font color="blue">spring-native-tutorials</font>的maven父工程,pom.xml內容如下,有幾處要注意的地方稍後提到:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<modules>
<module>webmvc</module>
</modules>
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>2.5.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
<relativePath/>
</parent>
<groupId>com.bolingcavalry</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-native-tutorials</artifactId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
<packaging>pom</packaging>
<properties>
<java.version>1.8</java.version>
<!-- springboot生成jar檔案的檔名字尾,用來避免Spring Boot repackaging和native-image-maven-plugin外掛之間可能存在的衝突 -->
<classifier/>
<!-- 構建映象時的定製引數 -->
<native.build.args/>
<!-- 指定使用dmikusa/graalvm-tiny這個映象作為構建工具,來構建映象 -->
<builder>dmikusa/graalvm-tiny</builder>
<!-- spring cloud版本 -->
<spring-cloud.version>2020.0.2</spring-cloud.version>
</properties>
<!-- 外掛管理 -->
<pluginRepositories>
<pluginRepository>
<id>spring-release</id>
<name>Spring release</name>
<url>https://repo.spring.io/release</url>
<snapshots>
<enabled>false</enabled>
</snapshots>
</pluginRepository>
<pluginRepository>
<id>spring-milestone</id>
<name>Spring milestone</name>
<url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url>
<snapshots>
<enabled>false</enabled>
</snapshots>
</pluginRepository>
<pluginRepository>
<id>spring-snapshot</id>
<name>Spring Snapshots</name>
<url>https://repo.spring.io/snapshot</url>
<releases>
<enabled>false</enabled>
</releases>
</pluginRepository>
</pluginRepositories>
<!--倉庫管理-->
<repositories>
<repository>
<id>spring-release</id>
<name>Spring release</name>
<url>https://repo.spring.io/release</url>
<snapshots>
<enabled>false</enabled>
</snapshots>
</repository>
<repository>
<id>spring-milestone</id>
<name>Spring milestone</name>
<url>https://repo.spring.io/milestone</url>
<snapshots>
<enabled>false</enabled>
</snapshots>
</repository>
<repository>
<id>spring-snapshot</id>
<name>Spring Snapshots</name>
<url>https://repo.spring.io/snapshot</url>
<releases>
<enabled>false</enabled>
</releases>
</repository>
</repositories>
<!--依賴包版本管理-->
<dependencyManagement>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.experimental</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-native</artifactId>
<version>0.10.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-dependencies</artifactId>
<version>${spring-cloud.version}</version>
<type>pom</type>
<scope>import</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</dependencyManagement>
<!--外掛配置-->
<build>
<pluginManagement>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<configuration>
<classifier>${classifier}</classifier>
<image>
<builder>${builder}</builder>
<env>
<BP_NATIVE_IMAGE>true</BP_NATIVE_IMAGE>
<BP_NATIVE_IMAGE_BUILD_ARGUMENTS>${native.build.args}</BP_NATIVE_IMAGE_BUILD_ARGUMENTS>
</env>
<!--執行構建任務的映象,如果在當前環境不存在才會遠端下載-->
<pullPolicy>IF_NOT_PRESENT</pullPolicy>
</image>
</configuration>
</plugin>
<!-- aot外掛,ahead-of-time transformations -->
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.experimental</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-aot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<version>0.10.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
<executions>
<execution>
<id>test-generate</id>
<goals>
<goal>test-generate</goal>
</goals>
</execution>
<execution>
<id>generate</id>
<goals>
<goal>generate</goal>
</goals>
</execution>
</executions>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</pluginManagement>
</build>
</project>
- 上述pom.xml有以下幾處需要注意:
- 外掛倉庫、依賴庫倉庫、依賴庫版本的配置都集中在這裡;
- 配置好spring-aot-maven-plugin和spring-boot-maven-plugin這兩個外掛,子工程會用到;
- spring-boot-maven-plugin外掛製作docker映象的時候,又會用到<font color="blue">dmikusa/graalvm-tiny</font>映象,這才是真正構建native image的工具;
新建springboot型別的maven子工程
- 新建名為<font colot="blue">webmvc</font>的子工程,pom.xml內容如下,可見內容很簡單,就是常規依賴庫和父工程配置的兩個外掛,一個負責執行AOT,一個負責構建映象:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<parent>
<artifactId>spring-native-tutorials</artifactId>
<groupId>com.bolingcavalry</groupId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<artifactId>webmvc</artifactId>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.experimental</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-native</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
<exclusions>
<exclusion>
<groupId>org.apache.tomcat.embed</groupId>
<artifactId>tomcat-embed-core</artifactId>
</exclusion>
<exclusion>
<groupId>org.apache.tomcat.embed</groupId>
<artifactId>tomcat-embed-websocket</artifactId>
</exclusion>
</exclusions>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.tomcat.experimental</groupId>
<artifactId>tomcat-embed-programmatic</artifactId>
<version>${tomcat.version}</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
<scope>test</scope>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
<build>
<plugins>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.experimental</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-aot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
<configuration>
<removeSpelSupport>true</removeSpelSupport>
</configuration>
</plugin>
<plugin>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-maven-plugin</artifactId>
</plugin>
</plugins>
</build>
</project>
- 程式碼很簡單,一個普通的springboot應用,帶http介面:
package com.bolingcavalry.webmvc;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.http.HttpStatus;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseStatus;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
@SpringBootApplication
@RestController
public class WebmvcApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(WebmvcApplication.class, args);
}
@ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.ACCEPTED)
@GetMapping("/status")
public String status() {
return "status";
}
@GetMapping("/")
public String hello() {
return "1. Hello from Spring MVC and Tomcat, " + LocalDateTime.now();
}
}
- 現在編碼已完成,來構建docker映象吧,進入父工程的pom.xml所在目錄,執行以下命令:
mvn clean -U -DskipTests spring-boot:build-image
- 構建成功後輸出資訊如下(篇幅所限僅擷取最後一小段),耗時4分25秒,期間筆記本風扇狂轉:
...
[INFO] Successfully built image 'docker.io/library/webmvc:1.0-SNAPSHOT'
[INFO]
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Reactor Summary for spring-native-tutorials 1.0-SNAPSHOT:
[INFO]
[INFO] spring-native-tutorials ............................ SUCCESS [ 1.786 s]
[INFO] webmvc ............................................. SUCCESS [04:19 min]
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] BUILD SUCCESS
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] Total time: 04:25 min
[INFO] Finished at: 2021-05-22T16:36:44+08:00
[INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------------
[WARNING] The requested profile "nexus" could not be activated because it does not exist.
- 執行<font color="blue">docker images</font>命令,如下圖,可見映象已經生成:
- 檢視映象構成,可見每個layer都不大,共計七十多M:
(base) zhaoqindeMBP:~ zhaoqin$ docker history webmvc:1.0-SNAPSHOT
IMAGE CREATED CREATED BY SIZE COMMENT
b8ff54813ae0 41 years ago 69B
<missing> 41 years ago 452kB
<missing> 41 years ago 2.51MB
<missing> 41 years ago 57.2MB
<missing> 41 years ago 1.4MB
<missing> 41 years ago 268B
<missing> 41 years ago 17.3MB
- 映象構建成功,可以驗證基本功能了;
驗證
- 執行以下命令,建立一個臨時容器(控制檯結束後容器會被清理掉):
docker run --rm -p 8080:8080 webmvc:1.0-SNAPSHOT
- 控制檯輸出如下,79毫秒啟動完成,真是一眨間的功夫:
(base) zhaoqindeMBP:~ zhaoqin$ docker run --rm -p 8080:8080 webmvc:1.0-SNAPSHOT
2021-05-22 09:34:57.578 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.s.nativex.NativeListener : This application is bootstrapped with code generated with Spring AOT
. ____ _ __ _ _
/\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ \ \ \ \
( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \
\\/ ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| | ) ) ) )
' |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / /
=========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/
:: Spring Boot :: (v2.5.0-SNAPSHOT)
2021-05-22 09:34:57.586 INFO 1 --- [ main] c.b.webmvc.WebmvcApplication : Starting WebmvcApplication using Java 1.8.0_292 on 3529ec458896 with PID 1 (/workspace/com.bolingcavalry.webmvc.WebmvcApplication started by cnb in /workspace)
2021-05-22 09:34:57.586 INFO 1 --- [ main] c.b.webmvc.WebmvcApplication : No active profile set, falling back to default profiles: default
2021-05-22 09:34:57.661 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer : Tomcat initialized with port(s): 8080 (http)
May 22, 2021 9:34:57 AM org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol init
INFO: Initializing ProtocolHandler ["http-nio-8080"]
May 22, 2021 9:34:57 AM org.apache.catalina.core.StandardService startInternal
INFO: Starting service [Tomcat]
May 22, 2021 9:34:57 AM org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine startInternal
INFO: Starting Servlet engine: [Apache Tomcat/9.0.46]
May 22, 2021 9:34:57 AM org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationContext log
INFO: Initializing Spring embedded WebApplicationContext
2021-05-22 09:34:57.669 INFO 1 --- [ main] w.s.c.ServletWebServerApplicationContext : Root WebApplicationContext: initialization completed in 79 ms
May 22, 2021 9:34:57 AM org.apache.coyote.AbstractProtocol start
INFO: Starting ProtocolHandler ["http-nio-8080"]
2021-05-22 09:34:57.713 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer : Tomcat started on port(s): 8080 (http) with context path ''
2021-05-22 09:34:57.713 INFO 1 --- [ main] c.b.webmvc.WebmvcApplication : Started WebmvcApplication in 0.178 seconds (JVM running for 0.19)
2021-05-22 09:34:57.713 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.s.b.a.ApplicationAvailabilityBean : Application availability state LivenessState changed to CORRECT
2021-05-22 09:34:57.714 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.s.b.a.ApplicationAvailabilityBean : Application availability state ReadinessState changed to ACCEPTING_TRAFFIC
- 瀏覽器訪問本機8080埠,如下圖,應用基本功能正常:
- 再看看資源使用情況,命令是<font color="blue">docker stats</font>,如下可見,記憶體僅用了30M:
CONTAINER ID NAME CPU % MEM USAGE / LIMIT MEM % NET I/O BLOCK I/O PIDS
6ce6c66fb4de jovial_hertz 0.11% 30.69MiB / 3.844GiB 0.78% 1.49kB / 158B 4.31MB / 0B 18
- 我曾經在hub.docker.com上放了一個傳統springboot應用製作的映象<font color="blue">bolingcavalry/hellojib:0.0.1-SNAPSHOT</font>,現在拿來和Spring Native映象對比一下,啟動資訊如下,耗時2036毫秒:
(base) zhaoqindeMacBook-Pro:~ zhaoqin$ docker run --rm -P docker.io/bolingcavalry/hellojib:0.0.1-SNAPSHOT
. ____ _ __ _ _
/\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __ __ _ \ \ \ \
( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \
\\/ ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| | ) ) ) )
' |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / /
=========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/
:: Spring Boot :: (v2.1.6.RELEASE)
2021-05-22 11:13:28.121 INFO 1 --- [ main] c.b.hellojib.HellojibApplication : Starting HellojibApplication on ffb32e5b68b9 with PID 1 (/app/classes started by root in /)
2021-05-22 11:13:28.128 INFO 1 --- [ main] c.b.hellojib.HellojibApplication : No active profile set, falling back to default profiles: default
2021-05-22 11:13:30.000 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer : Tomcat initialized with port(s): 8080 (http)
2021-05-22 11:13:30.054 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.apache.catalina.core.StandardService : Starting service [Tomcat]
2021-05-22 11:13:30.054 INFO 1 --- [ main] org.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine : Starting Servlet engine: [Apache Tomcat/9.0.21]
2021-05-22 11:13:30.241 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.a.c.c.C.[Tomcat].[localhost].[/] : Initializing Spring embedded WebApplicationContext
2021-05-22 11:13:30.241 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.s.web.context.ContextLoader : Root WebApplicationContext: initialization completed in 2036 ms
2021-05-22 11:13:30.715 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.s.s.concurrent.ThreadPoolTaskExecutor : Initializing ExecutorService 'applicationTaskExecutor'
2021-05-22 11:13:31.103 INFO 1 --- [ main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer : Tomcat started on port(s): 8080 (http) with context path ''
2021-05-22 11:13:31.110 INFO 1 --- [ main] c.b.hellojib.HellojibApplication : Started HellojibApplication in 3.618 seconds (JVM running for 4.297)
2021-05-22 11:13:48.866 INFO 1 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.a.c.c.C.[Tomcat].[localhost].[/] : Initializing Spring DispatcherServlet 'dispatcherServlet'
2021-05-22 11:13:48.866 INFO 1 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.s.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet : Initializing Servlet 'dispatcherServlet'
2021-05-22 11:13:48.880 INFO 1 --- [nio-8080-exec-1] o.s.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet : Completed initialization in 14 ms
- 再用<font color="blue">docker stats</font>對比記憶體,傳統springboot應用的容器消耗了三百多兆記憶體:
CONTAINER ID NAME CPU % MEM USAGE / LIMIT MEM % NET I/O BLOCK I/O PIDS
ffb32e5b68b9 eager_williamson 0.64% 356.3MiB / 3.844GiB 9.05% 3.46kB / 2.29kB 0B / 0B 31
6ce6c66fb4de jovial_hertz 0.11% 30.69MiB / 3.844GiB 0.78% 1.49kB / 158B 4.31MB / 0B 18
- 綜上所述,Spring Native帶來的優勢是很明顯的,不過<font color="blue">請注意</font>:2021年03月11日官方宣佈的Spring Native只是beta版本,<font color="red">請不要用於生產環境!!!</font>
下載外掛失敗
在實際操作過程中,經常會遇到maven外掛或者docker映象下載失敗的情況,除了多試幾次,您還可以考慮將專案放到github上去,藉助github action在雲端完成映象構建,具體操作請參考《用GitHub Actions製作Docker映象》
不用開發,直接體驗
- 我已將映象上傳到hub.docker.com,完整名稱是<font color="blue">bolingcavalry/webmvc:1.0-SNAPSHOT</font>,如果您只想體驗一下native image的效果可以直接下載該映象使用;
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